But there is a silver lining: Out of the mounting pile of e-waste, a booming recycling market has emerged. The International Association of Electronics Recyclers, an industry trade group, says that more than 500 U.S. companies recycle 1.4 million tons of electronics annually, generating $1.5 billion in revenues. But recycling this equipment isn’t simple. First, the metals and plastics must be separated, then the circuit boards shredded to separate the aluminum, iron, and copper from the valuable precious metals, such as silver. And sometimes, the plastics are impossible to reuse if they contain multiple resins.

It’s a labor-intensive and costly process—and the industry’s dark secret is that many “recycling” businesses just sell old electronics to brokers who ship them to developing countries with lax environmental standards and cheap labor. Generally, dismantling a computer in the U.S. costs about $35 per hour—versus 25 cents an hour abroad. Fifty to 80 percent of used U.S. electronics are shipped to India, China, and parts of Africa, according to the Basel Action Network (BAN), a nonprofit that monitors toxic waste. Often, the electronics aren’t recycled at all. After workers remove the most valuable parts, such as circuit boards, they dump the rest. “Some of the newer recycling companies are making a lot of money because they’re just moving materials—they’re not actually recycling them,” says Thomas Hogye, an electronics recycling consultant.

There are few economic incentives to recycle responsibly, but companies are making strides to do the right thing. More than 40 recyclers have signed the BAN pledge, vowing not to send hazardous e-waste to landfills, and to ensure that all the companies they hire to take apart old electronics—called demanufacturers—meet environmental regulations.

One BAN-endorsed recycler, Silicon Valley-based GreenCitizen, tracks the parts of the electronics they collect to make sure they are dismantled correctly. James Kao, GreenCitizen’s CEO, works exclusively with three demanufacturers that don’t ship materials abroad. This agreement, says Kao, assures his customers—who pay roughly 50 cents a pound to recycle—that their electronics will not end up in a landfill. “We spend a lot of time educating businesses and consumers about the e-waste crisis,” he says. “We have a very strong and loyal customer base, which is growing.”Like GreenCitizen, California-based Onsite Electronics Recycling is expanding despite having to sacrifice financially, says Janice Oldemeyer, the company’s president. “We’re frequently solicited to sell both our e-waste and commodities to companies who don’t appear to be concerned with the final end destination of the product,” she says. “The prices these companies offer are often greater than what we are able to make through dismantling and shipping to responsible end outlets. But that doesn’t mean you can’t be profitable by being responsible.”

A lack of federal regulation has allowed the tide of e-waste to continue flowing out of the country, but states are stepping in to stem the flow. Four states have passed e-waste recycling laws, and at least 23 more are considering similar legislation. Washington and Maine make producers responsible for taking back equipment, a policy that some environmental and trade groups advocate because it pressures manufacturers to design equipment that is easier and less expensive to take apart and recycle. In California, the fee consumers pay when purchasing a television or computer goes to help offset the cost of demanufacturing the material. A five-year pilot program in Maryland holds counties accountable for collecting electronics and recycling them.

Regardless of your state’s policies, you can find a recycler with a diligent tracking system to ensure that your electronics are recycled appropriately. After all, even if we are living in a technological revolution, we don’t have to contribute to e-waste anarchy.